Operating System

 dear all today i am going to tell you about operating system as the name suggest operating  system which shows manages with diffrent level of the system, opertaing system is a softaware which manges a computer it is just like a secatery of a manger which keeps and rememebr all the information gives to the computer and tell how to do. .operating system governs all the command related to the operation exp-input output and process means when you start the computer,ROM keeps information  to start the computer and loaded operating system, once operating system is loaded in the computer  it keeps process with application and  between diffrent apps. in one line you can say that when you communicate with computer it provides interface to interact with computer so it is secatery between the user and computer 

" operating system is an interface between user and computer "

+-----------------------------+

|        User Interface       |   <-- Shell (CLI/GUI)

+-----------------------------+

|      System Utilities     |   <-- File Manager, Task             Manager, etc.

+-----------------------------+

|        System Calls         |   <-- Interface between         OS & User Programs

+-----------------------------+

|        Kernel Layer         |

|  +-----------------------+  |

|  |  Memory Management    |  |

|  |  Process Management   |  |

|  |  Device Management    |  |

|  |  File System Control  |  |

|  |  I/O System Management|  |

|  +-----------------------+  |

+-----------------------------+

|     Hardware (CPU, RAM,     |

|      I/O Devices, etc.)     |

+-----------------------------+


Now  come to the next point. Here are some key advantages of using a computer that you can say or include in a presentation or banner:

  1. Speed and Efficiency – Computers perform tasks much faster than humans.

  2. Accuracy – They process data with high accuracy and minimal errors.

  3. Storage – Large amounts of data can be stored and retrieved easily.

  4. Multitasking – Multiple programs or tasks can be run simultaneously.

  5. Communication – Enables quick communication via email, video calls, etc.

  6. Automation – Repetitive tasks can be automated, saving time and effort.

  7. Access to Information – Internet access allows easy retrieval of global knowledge.

  8. Creativity Tools – Supports design, video editing, writing, coding, etc.

  9. Remote Work & Learning – Facilitates working or studying from anywhere.

  10. Data Analysis – Helps in organizing and analyzing data effectively.

 

Next point is Types of Operating System 

1. Batch Operating System

  • How it works: Jobs are collected in batches and executed one after another.

  • No user interaction during execution.

  • Used in: Early computers and large systems.

  • Example: IBM OS/360.

 2. Time-Sharing Operating System

  • How it works: Multiple users can use the system at the same time by sharing CPU time.

  • Fast switching between tasks.

  • Used in: Mainframe computers.

  • Example: UNIX.

 3. Distributed Operating System

  • How it works: Combines multiple computers to work as one system.

  • Shares resources and processing tasks.

  • Used in: Large-scale scientific and cloud computing.

  • Example: Amoeba, LOCUS.

 4. Network Operating System

  • How it works: Manages data and resources over a network of computers.

  • Enables file sharing, printer access, etc.

  • Used in: Office and server environments.

  • Example: Windows Server, Linux Server.

 5. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

  • How it works: Processes tasks within a fixed time.

  • Very fast and reliable.

  • Used in: Robotics, medical systems, industrial control.

  • Example: VxWorks, RTLinux.

 6. Mobile Operating System

  • How it works: Designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.

  • Touch interface, battery efficiency, app support.

  • Used in: Mobile phones and tablets.

  • Example: Android, iOS.

 7. Embedded Operating System

  • How it works: Runs on embedded systems with specific functions.

  • Lightweight and fast.

  • Used in: Smart TVs, washing machines, cameras.

  • Example: Embedded Linux, Windows IoT.

 8. Multitasking / Multiprogramming Operating System

  • How it works: Executes multiple programs at once.

  • Efficient CPU usage.

  • Used in: Modern computers.

  • Example: Windows, macOS, Linux.

   

9. Single User Interface

  • Definition: Allows only one user to interact with the system at a time.

  • Used in: Personal computers, laptops.

  • Key Point: Only one user session runs at a time.

  • Example: MS-DOS, Windows 10 on a home PC.

10. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

  • Definition: Interface that uses icons, windows, buttons, and menus for user interaction.

  • User-friendly and visual.

  • No need to type commands.

  • Used in: Modern computers, tablets, smartphones.

  • Example: Windows, macOS, Android.

Advantages:

  • Easy to use.

  • Attractive visuals.

  • Supports multitasking.

11  Character User Interface (CUI) / Command-Line Interface (CLI)

  • Definition: User interacts by typing text commands.

  • No graphics, only characters and symbols.

  • Used in: Early operating systems, servers, programming environments.

  • Example: MS-DOS, Linux terminal, Command Prompt (CMD).

Advantages:

  • Uses fewer resources (RAM/CPU).

  • Powerful for experts.



Charactristics of Computer  :

1. Resource Management

  • it manges all the resources of your system like cpu , input out put . it provides user to system when need 

2. Process Management

  • process managment means one by one processes executed on depending process length and time 

  • Provides multitasking and ensures fair execution of processes.

3. Memory Management

  • It allocates memory process  on demand 

  • Keeps track of each byte in a computer’s memory.

4. File System Management

  • Organizes and controls the reading, writing, and access to data on storage devices.

  • Supports file operations like creation, deletion, copying, and backup.

5. Device Management

  • Controls and manages input/output devices.

  • Uses device drivers for smooth communication between hardware and system.

6. User Interface

  • Provides a way for users to interact with the system.

  • Can be Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI).

7. Security and Protection

  • Prevents unauthorized access to data and resources.

  • Protects against malware and other threats.

8. Concurrency and Multitasking

  • Allows multiple processes to run at the same time.

  • Manages synchronization and avoids conflicts.

9. Error Detection and Handling

  • Detects and responds to system errors or hardware failures.

  • Ensures system stability and data integrity.

10. Networking Capability

  • Allows the OS to connect with other systems over a network.

  • Supports internet access and sharing of resources

Chronological Evolution :-
The chronological evolution of operation until late sixties is describe by rosin(1969)
various type of os describe by shaw (1974) 

Some Keywords of  Operating System 

Basic Concepts:

  • Process

  • Thread

  • Program

  • System Call

  • User Mode

  • Kernel Mode

  • Booting

  • Shell

 Memory Management:

  • RAM (Main Memory)

  • Virtual Memory

  • Paging

  • Segmentation

  • Swapping

  • Memory Allocation

  • MMU (Memory Management Unit)

 Process Management:

  • Process Scheduling

  • Context Switching

  • CPU Burst

  • Scheduler

  • PCB (Process Control Block)

  • Multitasking

  • Concurrency

  • Deadlock

  • Race Condition

  • Critical Section

 Storage Management:

  • File System

  • File Allocation Table (FAT)

  • Disk Scheduling

  • Partition

  • Mounting

  • Formatting

  • Inode

 Security & Protection:

  • Authentication

  • Authorization

  • Access Control

  • Encryption

  • Firewall

  • User Privileges

  • Antivirus

 Types of Operating Systems:

  • Batch OS

  • Multiprogramming OS

  • Multitasking OS

  • Time-Sharing OS

  • Real-Time OS

  • Distributed OS

  • Embedded OS

  • Mobile OS

 I/O and Device Management:

  • Device Driver

  • Interrupt

  • DMA (Direct Memory Access)

  • Buffering

  • Spooling

  • I/O Scheduling


Diffrent types of operating system

  1. Windows

    • Windows 11

    • Windows 10

    • Windows 8 / 8.1

    • Windows 7

    • Windows XP

  2. macOS (Apple)

    • macOS Sonoma

    • macOS Ventura

    • macOS Monterey

    • macOS Big Sur

    • macOS Catalina

  3. Linux Distributions

    • Ubuntu

    • Debian

    • Fedora

    • CentOS

    • Arch Linux

    • Kali Linux

    • Linux Mint

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

  4. Mobile Operating Systems

    • Android

    • iOS

    • HarmonyOS (by Huawei)

    • KaiOS


Server & Enterprise OS

  1. Windows Server (2016, 2019, 2022)

  2. Ubuntu Server

  3. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

  4. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)

  5. Oracle Linux

  6. FreeBSD

  7. OpenBSD

Embedded & Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

  1. FreeRTOS

  2. VxWorks

  3. QNX

  4. Embedded Linux

  5. TinyOS

  6. Contiki OS

Older or Discontinued OS

  1. MS-DOS

  2. Windows 95 / 98 / ME / 2000

  3. Windows Mobile

  4. Symbian OS

  5. BlackBerry OS

  6. Tizen

  7. Palm OS



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